Iterambere ryimpinduramatwara muri Bateri Yamashanyarazi: Gutegura inzira yigihe kizaza

Intangiriro

Imashanyarazi (EV) zagaragaye nkigisubizo cyiza cyo kurwanya imihindagurikire y’ikirere no kugabanya kwishingikiriza ku bicanwa biva mu kirere. Icy'ingenzi mu gutsinda kwa EV ni bateri zabo, zibika kandi zigatanga ingufu zo gukoresha moteri y’amashanyarazi. Mu myaka yashize, iterambere ryibanze ryakozwe muburyo bwa tekinoroji ya batiri, biganisha ku kunoza imikorere, intera ndende, nigihe cyo kwishyuza byihuse. Iyi ngingo iragaragaza udushya tugezweho muri bateri yimodoka nubushobozi bwabo bwo guhindura inganda zitwara ibinyabiziga.

Ubwihindurize bwa tekinoroji ya Batiri

Ubwihindurize bwa bateri yimodoka yamashanyarazi irashobora guhera kuri bateri ya mbere ya aside-acide ikoreshwa mumamodoka yamashanyarazi mumyaka ijana ishize. Kuva icyo gihe, tekinoroji ya batiri imaze gutera imbere cyane, hamwe niterambere rya bateri ya nikel-metal hydride (NiMH) na vuba aha, bateri ya lithium-ion.

Batteri ya Litiyumu-ion yahindutse ihitamo risanzwe rya EVS kubera ubwinshi bwingufu nyinshi, igishushanyo cyoroheje, hamwe nigihe kirekire ugereranije nandi mashanyarazi ya batiri. Nyamara, abashakashatsi nababikora bahora baharanira gusunika imbibi zikoranabuhanga rya batiri kugirango bakemure imbogamizi zingenzi nkigiciro, ubwinshi bwingufu, nubwihuta bwumuriro.

Batteri ikomeye-ya Leta: Imipaka ikurikira

Kimwe mu byiringiro byiterambere muri bateri yimodoka yamashanyarazi niterambere rya bateri zikomeye. Bitandukanye na bateri gakondo ya lithium-ion, ikoresha electrolytite yamazi, bateri-ikomeye-ikoresha electrolytite ikomeye, itanga ibyiza byinshi:

Umutekano wongerewe imbaraga: Batteri zikomeye-zidakunze guhura nubushyuhe bwumuriro n’umuriro wa batiri, bigatuma uba ufite umutekano kuruta bateri zisanzwe za lithium-ion.

Ubucucike Bwinshi: Batteri-ikomeye ikomeye ifite ubushobozi bwo kugera ku mbaraga nyinshi, bigatuma intera ndende yo gutwara ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi.

Kwishyuza Byihuse: Batteri zikomeye-leta irashobora kwihanganira amashanyarazi menshi, bigatuma igihe cyo kwishyurwa cyihuse no kugabanya igihe cyo gutunga ba nyiri EV.

Ibigo nka Toyota, QuantumScape, na Solid Power biri ku isonga mu bushakashatsi bwa batiri bukomeye, bashora imari muri R&D kugirango bazane iryo koranabuhanga mu bucuruzi. Mugihe ibibazo bikiriho, nkubunini nigiciro, bateri za leta zikomeye zifite amasezerano akomeye yigihe kizaza cyimodoka zamashanyarazi.

Bateri ya Silicon Anode: Gufungura ubushobozi bukomeye

Ikindi gice cyo guhanga udushya muri bateri yimodoka yamashanyarazi nugukoresha anode ya silicon. Batteri gakondo ya lithium-ion ikoresha grafite anode, ifite ubushobozi buke bwo kubika ingufu. Silicon, ariko, irashobora kubika cyane lithium ion, biganisha ku bwinshi bwingufu.

Nubwo ifite ubushobozi, anode ya silicon yahuye nibibazo nko kwangirika byihuse no kwaguka kwijwi mugihe cyo kwishyuza. Abashakashatsi barimo gushakisha ibikoresho bishya hamwe nubuhanga bwubuhanga kugirango batsinde izo nzitizi no gucuruza bateri ya silicon anode kubinyabiziga byamashanyarazi.

Ibigo nka Tesla, Panasonic, na Sila Nanotechnologies biteza imbere cyane tekinoroji ya batiri ishingiye kuri silicon, igamije gutanga bateri za EV zifite ingufu nyinshi kandi zinoze.

Ubuhanga buhanitse bwo gukora

Usibye imiti mishya ya batiri, iterambere mubuhanga bwo gukora nabyo bigira uruhare mugutezimbere bateri yimodoka. Ubuhanga nko gutunganya-kuzunguruka, electrodeposition, no gucapa 3D bifasha gukora bateri zifite ingufu nyinshi, ibiciro biri hasi, hamwe no kurushaho kwizerwa.

Mugutezimbere uburyo bwo gukora, abakora bateri barashobora gupima umusaruro no kugabanya ibiciro byumusaruro, bigatuma ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi bigera kubaguzi benshi.

Kurengera Ibidukikije no Gusubiramo

Mu gihe ikoreshwa ry’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi rikomeje kwiyongera, ikibazo cyo gutunganya bateri no kubungabunga ibidukikije cyabaye ingirakamaro. Ababikora bashora imari muburyo bwo gutunganya ibicuruzwa kugirango bagarure ibikoresho byagaciro nka lithium, cobalt, na nikel muri bateri yakoreshejwe.

Udushya mu gutunganya bateri hagamijwe kugabanya imyanda, kugabanya gushingira ku bikoresho byacukuwe, no gushyiraho urunigi rufunga amashanyarazi ya batiri y’imashanyarazi. Amasosiyete nka Redwood Materials, yashinzwe na Tesla washinze Tesla JB Straubel, ayoboye gahunda yo gutunganya bateri, bagaha inzira ejo hazaza harambye ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi.

Umwanzuro

Iterambere mu ikoranabuhanga rya batiri y’amashanyarazi ryerekana intambwe igaragara mu gushaka ubwikorezi burambye. Kuva kuri bateri zikomeye kugeza kuri anode ya silicon hamwe nubuhanga buhanitse bwo gukora, udushya dusezeranya gukemura ibibazo byingenzi no kwihutisha ikoreshwa ryimodoka zamashanyarazi kwisi yose.

Mugihe tekinoroji ya batiri ikomeje gutera imbere, ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi bizagenda bihendutse, byizewe, kandi bitangiza ibidukikije, amaherezo bizavugurura inganda zitwara ibinyabiziga kandi bigabanye ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ku isi. Hamwe nubushakashatsi bukomeje n’ubufatanye hagati y’abafatanyabikorwa mu nganda, ahazaza h’amashanyarazi ya batiri y’amashanyarazi hasa neza kurusha mbere hose, bitangaza ibihe bishya byo gutwara abantu neza kandi neza mu bihe bizaza.